穀胱甘肽轉移酶
Glutathione Transferase (穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
穀胱甘肽轉移酶 (Glutathione Transferase)
Glutathione transferases
穀胱甘肽轉移酶
Glutathione transferases (穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
穀胱甘肽轉移酶 (Glutathione transferases)
##
穀胱甘肽轉移酶
Glutathione transferases (穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
穀胱甘肽轉移酶 (Glutathione transferases)
##
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione transferases (這個月的分子：穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/212
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione transferases (這個月的分子：穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
##
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases;_IR95_教材
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2025-11-04
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
Source or References (資訊來源或是參考的資訊):
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/212
Info cited on 2025-11-04-WD2 (資訊引用於 中華民國114年西元2025年11月4日) by 湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang)
#
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Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
Glutathione transferase tags toxic molecules, making them easy to recognize and remove.
Top: glutathione transferase, with glutathione in red and a toxic molecule in purple. Bottom: glutathione is built of three amino acids.
Cells are filled with a confusing jumble of small molecules. Sometimes dangerous molecules get introduced in the mix, and cells need a way to find and remove them. In a first line of defense, enzymes like cytochrome p450 modify slippery carbon-rich toxins, making them more soluble. In a second line of defense, the glutathione transferases attach a convenient handle to unwanted molecules, which is then recognized by the cell’s export machinery.
Molecular Handle
The trick to making a useful molecular handle is two-fold. First, the handle needs to recognizable, and recognizably different from other molecules in the cell. Glutathione is composed of three familiar amino acids: a glutamate, a cysteine and a glycine. But it won’t be confused with normal peptides because the glutamate is attached in an unusual way, forming the covalent bond through its sidechain. Second, a molecular handle needs an easy chemical way to attach it to other molecules. Glutathione has a sulfur atom at the center (part of the cysteine) that is easily activated and attached to a variety of different molecules.
Working Together
A collection of just over 20 glutathione transferases work together to scour each cell for toxins. The one shown here is one of the best studied, termed hGSTP1-1 (PDB entry 3gss). These twenty enzymes protect us from many different perils, including toxins made by bacteria and fungi, reactive molecules formed during the cooking of food or smoking, and a variety of environmental pollutants. Because of this, each glutathione transferase typically recognizes a variety of foreign molecules, attaching them all to glutathione. This job is so important that in some cells, such as liver cells, glutathione transferase can make up 10% of the total protein content of the cell!
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2025-11-04
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Glutathione Transferase
穀胱甘肽轉移酶
Glutathione Transferase (穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
穀胱甘肽轉移酶 (Glutathione Transferase)
### Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
本月分子：穀胱甘肽轉移酶（Glutathione Transferases）
---
Glutathione transferase tags toxic molecules, making them easy to recognize and remove.
穀胱甘肽轉移酶會在有毒分子上加上「標籤」，使細胞更容易辨識並清除它們。
---
Top: glutathione transferase, with glutathione in red and a toxic molecule in purple. Bottom: glutathione is built of three amino acids.
上圖：穀胱甘肽轉移酶，其中穀胱甘肽以紅色標示，而有毒分子以紫色顯示。
下圖：穀胱甘肽由三種胺基酸構成。
---
Cells are filled with a confusing jumble of small molecules.
細胞內充滿了錯綜複雜的各種小分子。
Sometimes dangerous molecules get introduced in the mix, and cells need a way to find and remove them.
有時候，危險的分子會混入其中，因此細胞需要一種辨識並清除它們的機制。
In a first line of defense, enzymes like cytochrome p450 modify slippery carbon-rich toxins, making them more soluble.
在第一道防線中，像細胞色素P450（cytochrome p450）這類酵素會修飾富含碳的難溶毒素，使其變得更容易溶於水。
In a second line of defense, the glutathione transferases attach a convenient handle to unwanted molecules, which is then recognized by the cell’s export machinery.
在第二道防線中，穀胱甘肽轉移酶會將一個「化學把手（molecular handle）」附加到不需要的分子上，
這個把手隨後會被細胞內的排出機制（export machinery）所辨識並加以移除。
---
### Molecular Handle（分子把手）
The trick to making a useful molecular handle is two-fold.
要製造出一個實用的分子把手，需要滿足兩個條件。
First, the handle needs to recognizable, and recognizably different from other molecules in the cell.
首先，這個把手必須是容易被辨識的，且要能明顯區分於細胞內其他分子。
Glutathione is composed of three familiar amino acids: a glutamate, a cysteine and a glycine.
穀胱甘肽由三種常見的胺基酸組成：穀胺酸（glutamate）、半胱胺酸（cysteine）與甘胺酸（glycine）。
Glycine
甘胺酸
Glycine (甘胺酸)
甘胺酸 (Glycine)
But it won’t be confused with normal peptides because the glutamate is attached in an unusual way, forming the covalent bond through its sidechain.
但它不會被誤認為普通的胜肽，因為其中的穀胺酸是以一種不尋常的方式連接，
其共價鍵（covalent bond）是透過側鏈（sidechain）而非主鏈形成的。
Second, a molecular handle needs an easy chemical way to attach it to other molecules.
其次，這個分子把手必須能夠容易地與其他分子結合。
Glutathione has a sulfur atom at the center (part of the cysteine) that is easily activated and attached to a variety of different molecules.
穀胱甘肽的中心（源自半胱胺酸部分）含有一個硫原子（sulfur atom），
它能輕易被活化並與多種不同的分子形成化學鍵結。
---
### Working Together（協同運作）
A collection of just over 20 glutathione transferases work together to scour each cell for toxins.
大約有二十多種穀胱甘肽轉移酶協同合作，掃描每一個細胞以尋找並處理毒素。
The one shown here is one of the best studied, termed hGSTP1-1 (PDB entry 3gss).
這裡展示的是研究最透徹的一種，稱為 hGSTP1-1（人類π型穀胱甘肽轉移酶，PDB編號3gss）。
These twenty enzymes protect us from many different perils, including toxins made by bacteria and fungi, reactive molecules formed during the cooking of food or smoking, and a variety of environmental pollutants.
這二十多種酵素能保護我們免於多種危害，
包括細菌與真菌產生的毒素、烹調與吸菸過程中形成的反應性分子，以及各種環境污染物。
Because of this, each glutathione transferase typically recognizes a variety of foreign molecules, attaching them all to glutathione.
因此，每一種穀胱甘肽轉移酶通常都能辨識多種外來化合物，並將它們連接到穀胱甘肽上。
This job is so important that in some cells, such as liver cells, glutathione transferase can make up 10% of the total protein content of the cell!
這項任務如此重要，以至於在某些細胞中（例如肝細胞），
穀胱甘肽轉移酶的含量可佔細胞總蛋白質的 10% 之多！
---
antioxidant defense
抗氧化防禦
antioxidant defense (抗氧化防禦)
抗氧化防禦 (antioxidant defense)
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2025-11-04
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
Source or References (資訊來源或是參考的資訊):
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/212
Info cited on 2025-11-04-WD2 (資訊引用於 中華民國114年西元2025年11月4日) by 湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang)
#
- - - - - - - -
Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
Glutathione transferase tags toxic molecules, making them easy to recognize and remove.
Top: glutathione transferase, with glutathione in red and a toxic molecule in purple. Bottom: glutathione is built of three amino acids.
Cells are filled with a confusing jumble of small molecules. Sometimes dangerous molecules get introduced in the mix, and cells need a way to find and remove them. In a first line of defense, enzymes like cytochrome p450 modify slippery carbon-rich toxins, making them more soluble. In a second line of defense, the glutathione transferases attach a convenient handle to unwanted molecules, which is then recognized by the cell’s export machinery.
Molecular Handle
The trick to making a useful molecular handle is two-fold. First, the handle needs to recognizable, and recognizably different from other molecules in the cell. Glutathione is composed of three familiar amino acids: a glutamate, a cysteine and a glycine. But it won’t be confused with normal peptides because the glutamate is attached in an unusual way, forming the covalent bond through its sidechain. Second, a molecular handle needs an easy chemical way to attach it to other molecules. Glutathione has a sulfur atom at the center (part of the cysteine) that is easily activated and attached to a variety of different molecules.
Working Together
A collection of just over 20 glutathione transferases work together to scour each cell for toxins. The one shown here is one of the best studied, termed hGSTP1-1 (PDB entry 3gss). These twenty enzymes protect us from many different perils, including toxins made by bacteria and fungi, reactive molecules formed during the cooking of food or smoking, and a variety of environmental pollutants. Because of this, each glutathione transferase typically recognizes a variety of foreign molecules, attaching them all to glutathione. This job is so important that in some cells, such as liver cells, glutathione transferase can make up 10% of the total protein content of the cell!
- - - - -- -- - -
--- --- - - --- ---
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2025-11-04
- - - - - - - -
Glutathione Transferase
穀胱甘肽轉移酶
Glutathione Transferase (穀胱甘肽轉移酶)
穀胱甘肽轉移酶 (Glutathione Transferase)
### Molecule of the Month: Glutathione Transferases
本月分子：穀胱甘肽轉移酶（Glutathione Transferases）
---
Glutathione transferase tags toxic molecules, making them easy to recognize and remove.
穀胱甘肽轉移酶會在有毒分子上加上「標籤」，使細胞更容易辨識並清除它們。
---
Top: glutathione transferase, with glutathione in red and a toxic molecule in purple. Bottom: glutathione is built of three amino acids.
上圖：穀胱甘肽轉移酶，其中穀胱甘肽以紅色標示，而有毒分子以紫色顯示。
下圖：穀胱甘肽由三種胺基酸構成。
---
Cells are filled with a confusing jumble of small molecules.
細胞內充滿了錯綜複雜的各種小分子。
Sometimes dangerous molecules get introduced in the mix, and cells need a way to find and remove them.
有時候，危險的分子會混入其中，因此細胞需要一種辨識並清除它們的機制。
In a first line of defense, enzymes like cytochrome p450 modify slippery carbon-rich toxins, making them more soluble.
在第一道防線中，像細胞色素P450（cytochrome p450）這類酵素會修飾富含碳的難溶毒素，使其變得更容易溶於水。
In a second line of defense, the glutathione transferases attach a convenient handle to unwanted molecules, which is then recognized by the cell’s export machinery.
在第二道防線中，穀胱甘肽轉移酶會將一個「化學把手（molecular handle）」附加到不需要的分子上，
這個把手隨後會被細胞內的排出機制（export machinery）所辨識並加以移除。
---
### Molecular Handle（分子把手）
The trick to making a useful molecular handle is two-fold.
要製造出一個實用的分子把手，需要滿足兩個條件。
First, the handle needs to recognizable, and recognizably different from other molecules in the cell.
首先，這個把手必須是容易被辨識的，且要能明顯區分於細胞內其他分子。
Glutathione is composed of three familiar amino acids: a glutamate, a cysteine and a glycine.
穀胱甘肽由三種常見的胺基酸組成：穀胺酸（glutamate）、半胱胺酸（cysteine）與甘胺酸（glycine）。
Glycine
甘胺酸
Glycine (甘胺酸)
甘胺酸 (Glycine)
But it won’t be confused with normal peptides because the glutamate is attached in an unusual way, forming the covalent bond through its sidechain.
但它不會被誤認為普通的胜肽，因為其中的穀胺酸是以一種不尋常的方式連接，
其共價鍵（covalent bond）是透過側鏈（sidechain）而非主鏈形成的。
Second, a molecular handle needs an easy chemical way to attach it to other molecules.
其次，這個分子把手必須能夠容易地與其他分子結合。
Glutathione has a sulfur atom at the center (part of the cysteine) that is easily activated and attached to a variety of different molecules.
穀胱甘肽的中心（源自半胱胺酸部分）含有一個硫原子（sulfur atom），
它能輕易被活化並與多種不同的分子形成化學鍵結。
---
### Working Together（協同運作）
A collection of just over 20 glutathione transferases work together to scour each cell for toxins.
大約有二十多種穀胱甘肽轉移酶協同合作，掃描每一個細胞以尋找並處理毒素。
The one shown here is one of the best studied, termed hGSTP1-1 (PDB entry 3gss).
這裡展示的是研究最透徹的一種，稱為 hGSTP1-1（人類π型穀胱甘肽轉移酶，PDB編號3gss）。
These twenty enzymes protect us from many different perils, including toxins made by bacteria and fungi, reactive molecules formed during the cooking of food or smoking, and a variety of environmental pollutants.
這二十多種酵素能保護我們免於多種危害，
包括細菌與真菌產生的毒素、烹調與吸菸過程中形成的反應性分子，以及各種環境污染物。
Because of this, each glutathione transferase typically recognizes a variety of foreign molecules, attaching them all to glutathione.
因此，每一種穀胱甘肽轉移酶通常都能辨識多種外來化合物，並將它們連接到穀胱甘肽上。
This job is so important that in some cells, such as liver cells, glutathione transferase can make up 10% of the total protein content of the cell!
這項任務如此重要，以至於在某些細胞中（例如肝細胞），
穀胱甘肽轉移酶的含量可佔細胞總蛋白質的 10% 之多！
---
antioxidant defense
抗氧化防禦
antioxidant defense (抗氧化防禦)
抗氧化防禦 (antioxidant defense)
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